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JUL      B  1994 
■JUL  ^  ^  199^ 


AUG  0  7  )994 


,. 


The  Long  Leaf  Pine 

WITH  PREFATORY  REMARKS 
On   the   Political   and   Geological   History  of 
NORTH  CAROLINA 

AND 

THE  SANDHILLS 

Including  a  Summary  of  the 

FLORA  AND  FAUNA 

BY 

THOMAS    P.    IVY, 

Forest  Engineer. 


)D397 


PRICE :  25  cents  per  Copy. 


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For  Sale  at  Hayes*  Book  Store,  Southern  Pines,  N.  C. 


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96: 


The  Long  Leaf  Pine 

With  Prefatory  Remarks 
On    the    Political    and    Geological    History   of 

NORTH  CAROLINA 

AND 

THE  SANDHILLS 

Including  a  Summary  of  the 
FLORA  AND  FAUNA 
BY  * 
THOMAS    P.    IVY, 

Forest  Engineer. 


Tiir  Sandhill  Citizen  Print 

(KOSS  &  MOEBIS) 
SOUTHERN  PINES,  K.  0. 


A  Lon.2:  Leaf  Pine. 


FOREWORD 


The  substance  of  what  is  herein  printed  is  largely  what 
was  given  as  a  talk  on  the  Long  Leaf  Pine,  April  the  16th, 
in  the  City  Park  under  the  auspices  of  the  Southern  Pines 
Library  Association.  It  is  published  for  a  threefold  pur- 
pose: (1)  to  answer  authoratatively  all  the  questions  that 
strangers  ordinarily  ask  about  the  Sandhills ;  (2)  to  create 
a  wider  interest  in  the  Sandhill  region  and  to  bring  greater 
numbers  to  share  in  its  warm,  dry,  bracing  air  and  pine 
balm,  something  that  belongs  peculiarly  to  this  section;  (3) 
to  quicken  the  public  sentiment  for  that  vast  economic 
problem  of  the  Costal  Plain,  namely,  its  ref oj:-estation  in 
long  leaf  pine. 

In  reference  to  this  last  point,  let  it  be  remembered  that 
history  teaches  that  those  nations  who  destroyed  their 
forests  committed  national  suicide  or  became  so  reduced 
in  numbers  and  so  devoid  of  initative  as  to  be  no  longer  a 
factor  in  world  affairs.  Again,  in  destroying  forests  we  at 
the  same  time  annihilate  the  animal  and  vegetable  species 
that  develop  under  these  forests  whose  help  man  always 
had  in  his  struggle  for  supremacy  in  his  primeval  environ- 
ment. Whatever  may  be  one's  religious  bent,  it  is  general- 
ly conceded  that  nature's  influence  on  man  is  uplifting. 
Indeed,  it  is  not  improbable  that  the  heaven  which  we  hope 
and  search  for  in  the  realms  above  may  be  here  in  our  midst, 
if  we  could  only  bring  ourselves  in  true  relation  with  the 
plant  and  animal  life  around  us  and  cease  to  regard  the 
creations  of  God  solely  as  objects  of  exploitation  by  man. 

In  this  connection  it  is  most  encouraging  that,  though 
the  cooperation  of  the  War  Department  and  the  Forest 
Service,  Southern  Pines  will  some  day  have  at  its  very 
doors  a  great  national  park.  The  125,000  acre  tract  that 
is  a  part  of  the  proving  ground  at  Fort  Bragg  is  to  be 
brought  under  forest  management  and  a  great  pine  forest 
reproduced  with  all  of  its  accruing  benefits. 

T.  P.  I. 
Woymouth  Road,  Southern  Pines,  N.  C.  April  26,  1923 

— 3— 
brary 


THE  CRY  OF  THE  PINES 


Listen!    The  great  trees  call  to  each  other: 
"Is  it  come  your  time  to  die,  my  brother?" 
And  through  the  forest,  wailing  and  moaning, 
The  hearts  of  the  pines,  in  their  branches  groaning : 

"We  die,  we  die! 
"We,  who  have  watched  the  centuries  dying, 
The  span  of  years  as  an  arrow's  flying, 
Ages  seeming  a  day  and  a  morrow — 
Lo,  we  have  reached  the  time  of  our  sorrow — 

"We  die,  we  die ! 

"We,  who  have  stood  with  our  ranks  unbroken 
Breasting  the  storms,  a  sign  and  a  token 
That  the  gale  must  cease,  and  the  wild  winds  staying, 
Man  we  shielded  is  come,  and  is  slaying — 
"We  die,  we  die! 

"Flaying  the  bark,  and  our  bodies  baring. 
Like  dim,  white  ghosts  in  the  moonlight  staring. 
Naked  we  stand,  with  the  life-sap  welling — 
Tears  of  resin  to  gather  for  selling — 
"We  die,  we  die ! 

All  through  the  land  are  the  forests  dying. 
One  piece  of  silver  a  tree-life  buying ; 
Listen !    The  great  trees  moan  to  each  other : 
"The  ax  has  scarred  us  too,  my  brother" — 
"We  die,  we  die! 

Anne  McQueen,  Tallahassee,  Fla. 


HISTORICAL 


Ladies  and  Gentlemen : 

This  ground  upon  which  we  are  standing,  known  as 
North  Carolina,  connotes  more  of  Ameriean  History  than 
any  other  state  in  this  Union.  You  will  recall  that  the 
Pilgrims  first  stept  upon  Plymouth  Rock  in  1620  and  that 
Jamestown  was  founded  in  1607.  But  in  1584,  on  July  the 
4th,  America's  most  fateful  day,  two  ships  appeared  off 
what  is  now  the  coast  of  North  Carolina  somewhere  be- 
tween Cape  Fear  and  Cape  Hatteras.  On  July  the  15th 
these  two  ships  anchored  in  Acrocoke  Inlet,  in  Pamlico 
Sound,  nearby  an  island  which  the  Indians  called  Wokokon. 
At  noon  the  same  day  Captains  Amadas  and  Barlowe,  the 
commanders  of  these  two  ships,  accompanied  by  the  gentle- 
men of  the  expedition,  landed  and  took  possession  of  the 
country  which  they  beheld  in  the  name  of  Queen  Elizabeth, 
"to  be  delivered  over  to  the  use  of  Sir  Walter  Releigh  ac- 
cording to  her  Majestie's  grant."  On  the  third  day  there- 
after Indians  appeared  skirting  this  island  in  their  canoes 
and,  with  most  friendly  demonstrations,  came  on  board 
under  their  leader,  Manteo. 

The  incidents  just  related,  though  of  seeming  small 
significance,  were  the  first  real  beginnings  of  Anglo-Saxon 
supremacy  on  this  continent,  resulting  finally  in  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  government  of  these  United  States  which 
with  all  of  its  short  comings  is  still  the  wisest  and  best 
government  in  the  v.^orld  today,  for  under  its  laws  and  flag 
the  individual  is  given  full  and  unhampered  scope  to  develop 
the  whole  of  his  individuality. 

Lord  Raleigh's  attempts  at  colonization  were  not  suc- 
cessful and  save  his  name  that  our  capital  bears,  little 
remains  of  those  initial  attempts.  His  first  colony  entirely 
disappeared  before  the  second  addition  came  back  with 
supplies.    It  is  assumed  that  they  merged  with  the  Indians, 

—5— 


and  there  is  some  evidence  to  support  that  inference  in  the 
fact  that  many  blue  eyed  Indians  are  to  be  seen  among  the 
Croatans  who  still  live  below  us  in  the  county  of  Robeson. 
After  nearly  a  hundred  years,  or  in  1663,  Raleigh's  grants 
came  into  the  hands  of  the  Eight  Lord  Proprietors.  From 
this  date  until  1728  North  Carolina  remained  under  the 
jurisdiction  of  the  Eight  Lord  Proprietors  of  whom  the 
most  distinguished  was  Earl  Granville. 

In  1728  North  Carolina  became  a  Crown  colony  and  was 
governed  by  a  royal  governor  until  the  Revolution.  In 
those  stirring  days  our  state  was  not  amiss  in  its  duties  nor 
unresponsive  to  the  calls  from  other  colonies  wishing  to 
become  free  and  independent  commonwealths.  In  the 
Battle  of  Alamance  in  1771,  the  first  blood  was  shed  in  the 
conflict  that  was  to  end  in  the  confirmation  of  those  prin- 
cipals of  freedom  for  which  our  Anglo-Saxon  ancestors  had 
contended  from  Runnymede.  In  1774,  August  the  26th,  the 
Legislature  met  in  defiance  of  the  royal  governor.  In 
1775,  May  the  20th,  the  day  after  receiving  the  news  of  the 
Battle  of  Lexington,  the  Mecklenburg  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence was  promulgated  in  the  city  of  Charlotte.  And 
so  North  Carolina  was  in  that  fight  from  the  start  to  the 
finish.  All  remember  how  Cornwallis  was  pursued  and 
badgered  as  he  passed  through  the  state  on  his  way  to 
Yorktown  where  he  was  finally  hemmed  in  and  had  to 
exchange  with  Washington  a  sovereign  for  a  dollar  which 
up  to  that  time  was  not  worth  a  "Continental  d — n." 


PHYSIOGRAPHIC  AND  GEOLOGICAL  FEATURES 

The  State  of  North  Carolina,  east  and  west,  from  Curri- 
tuck to  Cherokee,  is  50314  miles  long,  a  distance  greater 
than  that  from  Washington  to  Boston.  It  is  I871/2  miles 
across  from  North  to  South  at  its  widest  point,  with  a  coast 
line  of  250  miles.  Geologically  the  state  is  divided  into  three 
well  defined  ages,  the  Mountain  Region  in  the  west,  the 
Piedmont  Plateau  in  the  center,  and  the  Costal  Plain  on  the 
southeast.  These  physiographic  features  have  and  will 
continue  to  exert  a  marked  economic,  industrial  and  social 
influence  on  the  people  of  the  state,  for  they  offer  as  great 

—6— 


a  diversity  of  pursuits  as  some  of  the  world  famous  empires 
The  mountains  of  the  west  are  imbedded  in  granite  and 
gneiss  and  some  seams  show  the  most  ancient  or  archean 
rocks.  Mt.  Mitchell,  the  highest  peak  east  of  the  Rockies 
is  6,887  feet  as  compared  with  Mt.  Washington's  6,293  feet. 
Originating  in  this  mountain  district  and  flowing  both  into 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  the  Atlantic  are  groups  of  rivers 
with  the  Cape  Fear,  Yadkin,  Catawba,  and  French  Broad  as 
conspicous  members  that  make  for  the  state  a  river  mileage 
of  3300  miles,  having  a  total  waterfall  of  33,000  feet,  or 
an  average  of  ten  feet  to  the  mile.  In  this  day  of  hydro- 
electric development  North  Carolina  stands  in  the  front 
rank  with  its  low  cost  of  electric  power  for  manufacturing 
and  for  domestic  purposes.  For  it  is  the  belief  of  such 
electricians  as  Steinmetz  that  electric  power  in  the  house- 
hold is  destined  to  replace  domestic  servants  and  solve 
that  question  which  is  impressed  upon  every  housekeeper. 
And  for  this  reason  alone,  to  say  nothing  of  climatic  at- 
tractions, North  Carolina  will  become  the  conspicious  state 
of  homes.  Furthermore  in  this  mountain  area  iron  ores 
of  high  quality  are  mined,  especially  at  Cranberry.  Gold, 
copper  and  many  other  minerals  exist  in  small  quantities. 
Rare  gems  such  as  saphire,  amethyst  and  topaz  are  also 
found. 

The  Piedmont  Plateau  represents  the  first  step  down  from 
the  mountains  toward  the  coast  line.  Its  geological  con- 
tent is  represented  by  some  of  the  oldest  granite  and 
gneiss,  by  crystalline  chist  and,  latest  of  all,  triassic  sand- 
stone in  which  are  located  the  only  two  coal  mines  in  the 
state,  one  in  Moore  and  the  other  in  Chatham  County. 
Tobacco  and  cotton  are  its  greatest  agricultural  products, 
while  grasses,  grain,  and  live  stock  occupy  the  coves  and 
valleys  of  the  mountain  region. 

The  Costal  Plain  is  the  youngest  geological  formation  in 
the  state,  made  up  of  sand,  clay  and  marble.  There  are  five 
distinct  layers  showing  as  many  recessions  of  the  coast  line 
to  its  present  margin.  Agriculturally  the  Costal  Plain  is 
largely  planted  to  cotton,  peanuts  and  trucking. 


THE  SANDHILLS 

Besides  the  three  distinct  geological  formations  of  which 
mention  has  been  made,  there  is  an  intermediate  stage,  a 
sort  of  half  step  between  the  Piedmont  Plateau  and  the 
Coastal  Plain,  known  as  the  Sandhills,  of  which  our  South- 
ern Pines  for  our  present  purpose  maybe  called  the  center. 
This  is  an  area  of  about  50  miles  by  30  miles.  When  the 
ocean  shore  line  ran  along  here,  then  it  was  that  the  Sand- 
hills were  built  up  as  the  result  of  interaction  between  the 
tid'es  and  the  wind.  Probably  there  were  some  such  storms 
here  then  as  ships  now  encounter  off  Cape  Hatteras.  At 
any  rate  by  going  to  Cape  Henry,  near  Norfolk,  one  can 
see  now  sandhills  in  process  of  growth  by  the  wind  and  tides 
exactly  in  the  same  way  as  when  the  ocean  ebbed  where  we 
now  stand. 

A  few  moments  ago  the  history  of  North  Carolina  was 
outlined  up  to  and  including  the  Revolution.  As  soon  as 
North  Carolina  became  a  state  instead  of  a  colony  the  Crown 
lands  became  state  lands.  To  enlarge  the  citizenship  and 
develop  the  state,  liberal  offers  of  land  were  made  to  pros- 
pective settlers.  One  individual  was  permitted  to  buy  640 
acres  at  I21/2  to  25  cents  an  acre.  The  grandfather  of  Mrs. 
Robert  N.  Page,  who  was  a  Shaw,  was  Charles  C.  Shaw.  He 
had  twelve  children  and  he  entered  640  acres  for  each  child. 
What  he  included  in  these  several  entries  embraced  what 
is  now  Southern  Pines.  In  fact,  what  we  now  call  Southern 
Pines  was  originally  known  as  Shaw's  Ridge.  At  that  time 
all  these  Sandhills  were  covered  with  a  dense  stand  of 
virgin  long  leaf  pine.  That  condition  continued  for  three 
quarters  of  a  century  because  the  soil  was  so  poor  and 
fertilizers  had  not  then  come  into  use.  Underneath  the 
pin«s  there  grew  a  tall  crop  of  wild  grasses  which  made 
splendid  grazing  for  cattle.  So  by  raising  livestock  the 
owners  of  these  large  areas  of  pine  land  made  a  living.  But 
after  the  Civil  War,  when  the  South  began  to  respond  to  the 
new  industrial  stiuation,  railroads  were  surveyed  towards 
these  great  pine  forests.  Along  with  the  railroad  to  Sou- 
thern Pines,  the  Seaboard  Air  Line,  the  lumberman  came 
in  the  person  of  Mr.  Frank  Page,  the  progenitor  of  all  the 
Pages   now   so   conspicious   in   the   developments   of   the 

—8— 


Sandhills  and  the  state.  He,  let  it  be  proclaimed,  was  the 
father  of  the  late  Ambassador  Walter  Hines  Page,  who 
sleeps  scarcely  three  miles  from  this  spot,  under  the  soft 
breezes  of  his  native  pines,  while  a  tablet  in  Westminster 
Abbey  is  to  commemorate  his  services  to  mankind. 

But  if  the  Pages  did  lunjber  destructively,  let  us  give 
them  credit  for  successful  endeavor  to  rebuild  their  waste 
places.  These  cut-over  pine  lands  that  twenty-five  years 
ago  could  have  been  bought  for  one  dollar  per  acre,  today, 
if  well  located,  sell  for  three  hundred  dollars  per  acre  for 
growing  bright  leaf  tobacco,  grapes  and  especially  peaches. 
We  all  know  how  like  fairyland  it  is  at  this  season  to  motor 
through  miles  of  peaches  in  blossom,  for  the  area  in  this 
immediate  section  now  given  over  to  peaches  will  yield  in 
an  average  year  a  crop  of  2500  to  3000  cars.  These  results 
have  been  reached  through  modern  cultural  methods  largely 
through  the  sagacity  of  the  pioneers  in  the  peach  industry. 
The  qualities  of  the  fruit  are  due  to  climatic  conditions  and 
topography.  The  altitude  at  the  railroad  station  is  519 
feet  and  is  probably  over  600  feet  on  Weymouth  Heights; 
the  winter  temperature  is  around  45,  the  summer,  75  and 
for  the  year  61  degrees  F.  The  normal  precipitation  is  55 
inches. 

Before  leaving  this  part  of  the  subject  I  trust  I  may  be 
permitted  to  make  a  personal  reference.  We  at  this  season 
who  enjoy  walking  along  the  roads  and  paths  in  the  virgin 
long  leaf  forest  on  Weymouth  Heights  intermingled  with 
dogwoods  dressed  in  bridal  array,  are  indebted  for  that 
pleasure  to  Mrs.  Dull.  By  chance,  in  1904,  Mrs.  Dull,  with 
her  father,  the  late  Mr.  James  Boyd,  of  Harrisburg,  Pa., 
came  on  a  visit  to  Southern  Pines.  In  driving  through  the 
pine  forest  on  Weymouth  Heights  they  came  upon  ti*ees 
by  the  roadside  that  were  boxed  for  turpentine.  Mrs. 
Dull  was  so  grieved  at  this  seeming  desecration  that  she 
urged  her  father  to  buy  the  land  and  stop  the  mutilation  of 
the  trees.  He  acted  that  same  day,  and  to  that  tract  other 
tracts  were  added  from  time  to  time  until  the  present 
Weymouth  Estate  of  some  1500  acres  was  acquired,  all  of 
v/hich  comes  within  the  original  Shaw  entries.  In  the  years 
to  come,  therefore  ,when  Southern  Pines  celebrates  the 

—9-.  - 


day  of  its  founders  and  preservers  the  name  of  Mrs.  Dull 
should  not  be  absent  from  its  roll  of  honor. 

So,  on  account  of  the  facts  which  have  been  set  forth,  it 
is  not  surprising  that  Southern  Pines,  beloved  by  all  who 
have  tried  the  virtue  of  its  climate,  is  rapidly  forging  to 
the  front  as  a  golfing  center  and  the  leading  mid-winter 
resort  north  of  Florida. 

To  conclude  this  local  sketch  I  will  state  that  Southern 
Pines  came  into  existence  in  1880.  Dr.  G.  H.  Sadelson  was 
the  first  to  adopt  Southern  Pines  as  a  home.  The  oldest 
house  standing  is  the  residence  occupied  by  Mr.  Patch  on 
East  Broad  Street. 


THE  FAUNA 


The  Fauna  and  flora  of  any  given  area  are  an  expression 
of  its  topography,  if  by  that  we  understand  is  meant  the 
surface  features  in  relation  to  soil,  water  and  climatic  con- 
ditions. Wherever  there  is  a  great  variety  of  topography 
we  look  for  and  find  a  great  variety  in  the  distribution  of 
animal  and  plant  life.  This  is  eminently  true  in  the  case  of 
North  Carolina.  Of  the  seven  faunal  zones  into  which 
America  has  been  divided,  namely  the  Artie,  Hudsonian, 
Canadian,  Alleghanian,  Carolinian,  and  Louisianian,  the 
wild  life  of  all  these  zones  except  the  Artie  and  Hudsonian 
has  or  had  representatives  in  North  Carolina.  Typical  of 
the  Canadian  we  still  have  the  "boomer"  or  little  red  squirrel 
and  had  the  lynx.  The  Alleghanian  gave  us  the  star-nose 
mole  and  the  elk  long  since  gone.  Deer,  wild  turkeys  and 
foxes  of  the  Carolinian  still  abound  while  the  allegator  is  a 
conspicious  Louisianian  representative. 

Morning  and  evening  at  this  season  the  mockingbird  and 
that  fine  singer,  the  brown  thrasher,  tell  us  how  much  the 
birds  of  North  Carolina  contribute  to  our  enjoyment,  and 
the  pheasant  and  the  bob-white  lure  the  sportsman  from 
afar.  It  is  worthy  of  note,  too,  that  in  an  ancient  age  the 
prehistoric  elephant  and  the  mastodon  roamed  over  the 
confines  of  North  Carolina  of  today. 

—10— 


FLORA 

The  richness  of  the  flora  of  North  Carolina  induding 
specimens  all  the  way  from  the  Artie  to  the  Sub-tropical 
division  is  unequalled  by  any  other  state.  For  this  reason 
for  a  number  of  years  the  dhistinguished  botanist,  the 
late  Dr.  Asa  Gray,  of  Harvard,  made  an  annual  pilgrimage 
to  the  neighborhood  of  Blowing  Rock  always  looking  for  and 
finding  something  unknown  in  his  previous  collection. 

The  total  number  of  identified  plant  species  in  the  state 
is  fifty-five  hundred.  Of  these,  1410  are  phaenergams  and 
3090  are  cryptogams.    The  latter  comprise : 

10  ground  pine,  40  ferns,  50  algae  and  seav/eed,  70  liver- 
worts, 200  mosses,  220  lichens,  2500  fungi,  among  which  are 
over  100  specimens  of  edible  mushrooms. 

In  the  1410  phanerogams  are  to  be  found  our  forest 
trees  or  silva.  There  are  in  the  state  153  kinds  of  woody 
plants  that  come  under  tree  classification.  Seventy  of  these 
are  trees  of  the  first  size  and  57  are  trees  of  high  economic 
value.  In  height  some  of  them  reach  140  feet  and  attain 
to  a  diameter  of  7  feet  or  over.  We  have  24  kinds  of  oak, 
8  o  fthe  9  hickories  in  the  United  States,  all  6  maples,  all  the 
lindens,  the  umbrella  tree,  all  6  magnolias,  3  of  the  birches 
3  out  of  5  elms,  1  ash,  5  poplars,  1  chestnut,  8  of  the  11 
pines,  and  both  species  of  hemlock  and  balsam  fir. 

The  distribution  of  the  silva  is  divided  up  in  accordance 
with  the  three  physiographic  divisions  of  the  state  to  which 
attention  has  already  been  called.  In  the  mountain  region 
and  the  Piedmont  Plateau  grow  mainly  the  hard  woods 
though  fine  belts  of  balsam  fir,  spruce  and  hemlock  are 
found  on  the  mountain  sides  and  lower  peaks.  To  the 
Costal  Plain  belongs  the  pine  though  some  of  these  grow  in 
the  other  two  sections  and  white  pine  is  native  alone  in 
the  mountain  district.  The  commercially  most  valuable 
trees  are  the  oaks,  the  hickories,  the  maples,  chestnut, 
yellow  popular,  and  the  pines. 


THE  TREE 

We  have  been  speaking  of  trees  as  a  forest.  Nov\^  our 
concern  will  be  with  the  individual  tree  which  is  made  up 
of  three  parts :    The  roots,  the  bole  or  stem,  and  the  crown. 

—11— 


Everyone  of  these  parts  perform  a  special  service  and  they 
all  work  together  to  grow  the  tree  and  maintain  its  life. 
The  roots  stay  the  tree  and  hold  it  fast  in  the  ground 
against  wind  and  storm.  They  also  take  water  and  mineral 
from  the  soil  to  be  used  as  elements  in  the  manufacture  of 
food  by  the  leaves.  Through  the  microscopic  openings 
known  as  stomata  the  leaves,  through  the  influence  of  light 
on  the  green  pigment  or  chlorophyl,  extract  carbonic  dioxide 
gas  from  the  atmosphere  to  be  used  in  combination  with 
the  salts  and  water  sent  up  through  the  roots  to  make 
carbohydrates,  the  tree's  food.  These  carbohydrates  are 
distributed  throughout  the  bole  of  the  tree  as  a  storehouse 
where,  after  digestion  and  assimilation  takes  place,  they 
are  transformed  into  protoplasm,  that  complex  working 
substance  of  the  tree  by  which  all  growth  is  made. 

In  all  hardwoods  and  conifers  growth  is  put  on  in  outside 
layers  around  the  vascular  bundles  arranged  in  the  form 
of  a  hollow  cylinder,  and  there  is  a  layer  or  ring  that  defines 
the  yearly  growth.  In  trees  like  palms  and  palmettos  there 
is  no  annual  ring  or  diameter  growth.  The  vascular  bundles 
of  the  stem  are  scattered  and  growth  takes  place  as  in  a 
cornstalk. 

All  trees  are  put  into  two  classes  called  angiosperms  and 
gymnosperms,  or  to  use  every  day  language,  into  hardwoods 
and  conifers,  of  which  pines  are  the  outstanding  group. 
The  conifers  are  the  most  ancient  species  of  which  only 
400  still  exist  while  of  the  angiosperms  there  are  100,000 
species. 


THE  LONG  LEAF  PINE 


As  has  already  been  stated,  there  are  8  pines  in  North 
Carolina,  namely,  white,  short  leaf,  loblolly,  pitch,  spruce 
pine,  pond  pine,  table  mountain  pine,  and  long  leaf.  Of 
these  short  leaf,  loblolly,  pitch,  and  long  leaf  are  common 
to  this  locality. 

Now  I  shall  endeavor  to  present  to  you  the  life  history, 
range  and  utilization  of  the  subject  of  our  talk,  the  long 
leaf  pine. 

A  few  days  ago,  while  cruising  through  the  virgin  long 

—12— 


leaf  pine  on  Weymouth  Heights,  I  measured  a  tree  that 
appeared  to  be  one  of  the  largest.  Its  diameter,  taken  at 
breast  high,  was  2  feet  and  4  inches.  Without  pretending 
to  be  absolutely  accurate  we  can  estimate  that  diameter  to 
represent  a  tree  350  years  old.  Now  let  us  suppose  that 
that  tree  instead  of  these  around  us,  which  are  from  75 
to  100  years  old,  to  be  standing  here  before  us.  If  that  pine 
could  talk,  relating  both  its  internal  and  external  ex- 
periences, its  story  would  be  as  follows.  "When  I  first  flew 
out  from  my  mother  cone  I  alighted  on  a.  thick  cover  of 
needles.  There  I  lay  apparently  lifeless  for  nearly  a  year, 
until  in  late  winter  a  large  buck,  who  was  feeding  around 
under  my  ancestors,  stepped  upon  me  by  chance  and  pressed 
me  down  against  the  bosom  of  the  earth.  With  the  coming 
of  spring  I  began  to  feel  the  first  sensation  of  life.  There 
was  a  swelling  of  the  embryo  into  a  force  that  sent  it 
through  the  seed-leaves  and  behold,  I  was  born.  In  those 
days  there  was  no  prohibition  and  my  first  desire  was  for 
drink.  So  I  despatched  my  small  rootlets  out  in  every 
direction  for  mineral  and  drove  my  tap  root  downward  for 
drink.  All  my  baby  days  and  childhood  were  thus  occupied, 
all  my  activities  being  underground  rather  than  above. 
But  at  the  end  of  four  years  I  changed  my  program,  seeking 
with  light  and  heat  to  carry  myself  upward  on  the  founda- 
tions already  laid.  And  here  is  the  tabulation  of  my  growth 
from  my  fifth  year  onward. 

Age  Height  Diameter 

5  2  ft  1    inch 

10  15  2 

15  24  3  6 

20  34  5 

25  42  ,                6 

30  48  6.9 

35  54  7.6 

40  58  8.3 

45  61  8.8 

50  64  9.3 
Thus  I  continued  to  grow  ,increasing  my  diameter  faster 

than  my  height  until  as  you  see  me  standing  before  you 
110  feet  high,  with  a  diameter  of  2  feet  and  4  inches,  thus 

—13— 


showing  my  age  to  be  350  years.  Three  times  during  this 
period  I  almost  despaired  of  my  hfe.  One  year  was  so 
dry  I  nearly  died  from  thirst  and  twice  forest  fires  raged 
that  charred  my  lower  body  unmercifully.  All  this  you 
could  read  in  the  smaller  ring  of  annual  growth  for  those 
years  from  a  cross  section  of  my  body." 

But  there  is  another  story  this  tree  could  tell,  the  record 
of  its  outward  life,  all  that  has  taken  place  in  the  350 
years  since  its  birth,  for  it  had  to  stand  there  and  receive 
whatever  came  whether  good  or  bad  without  the  power  to 
move  in  any  direction  for  protection.  In  France  it  stood, 
if  I  may  be  permitted  to  speak  for  it,  at  the  dying  bedside 
of  Louis  XIV,  in  the  palace  of  Versailles.  It  heard  the 
fall  of  the  Bastile.  The  coming  and  going  of  both  Na- 
poleons passed  before  its  eyes  as  well  as  the  downfall  of  the 
Bourbons  ending  finally  in  the  French  Republic.  It  saw 
Italy  crushed  for  centuries  beneath  the  heel  of  tyrants, 
finally  emerge  as  a  modarn  state  under  her  great  states- 
man, Cavour.  It  watched  all  the  efforts  and  stratagems  of 
Frederick  the  Great  to  gain  for  Prussia  the  hegemony  of 
central  Europe,  later  to  be  moulded  into  a  German  Empire 
by  Bismark  only  to  be  thrown  away  by  William  Hohen- 
zollern.  Within  its  time  Peter  the  Great  of  Russia  en- 
grafted on  an  Asiatic  foundation  the  civilization  of  Western 
Europe,  all  of  which  work  with  the  tragedy  of  the  late 
Czar,  Nicholas  the  Second,  totters  for  a  fall  and  complete 
destruction  in  Sovietism.  In  England  it  witnessed  the 
execution  of  Charles  I,  noted  Cromwell's  career,  the  return 
and  expulsion  of  the  Stuarts,  the  coming  of  William  of 
Orange  that  led  to  the  establishment  of  protestantism  and 
the  reiging  House  of  Hanover.  It  heard,  too,  Shakespeare's 
first  play  and  listened  to  Newton  expounding  the  Law  of 
Gravitation.  Party  government  and  the  freedom  of  the 
press  were  born  in  its  day.  In  Darwin's  Theory  of  Evolu- 
tion it  beheld  religious  beliefs  placed  upon  a  more  rational 
foundation  throughout  Christendom.  In  our  own  country, 
from  what  has  already  been  stated,  it  was  scarcely  ten 
years  old  when  the  first  Anglo-Saxon  looked  upon  these 
shores.  It  followed  the  Revolution  and  the  establishment 
of  our  republican  government  of  the  United  States  with 
a  keen  sense  of  expectancy.    It  heard  Washington  read  his 

—14— 


Farewell  Address  and  listened  to  Lincoln  delivering  his 
Gettysburg  Funeral  Oration.  In  our  Civil  War  shells  from 
the  contending  armies  of  Sherman  and  Johnson,  fired  not 
two  miles  av\^ay,  swished  over  its  crown.  But  of  all  the 
even-ts  of  which  it  has  been  a  silent  witness  nothing  is  more 
important  than  the  legislation  in  our  day  in  the  interests 
of  mankind.  It  heard  those  bills  debated,  passed  and 
written  into  our  statutes  that  lifted  labor  out  of  the  cate- 
gory of  a  commodity  upon  a  plane  of  common  humanity, 
legislation  that,  when  the  passions  and  prejudices  of  the 
hour  have  softened  to  sanity,  will  be  hailed  as  a  second  Bill 
of  Rights. 

Now  let  us  go  back  to  the  tree  itself,  to  its  range  and 
utilization.  The  long  leaf  pine  reaches  its  limit  arownd  120 
feet  in  height  and  3  feet  in  diameter.  It  has  a  small,  open, 
irregular  and  shallow  crown,  with  a  clean  straight  bole  four- 
fifths  of  its  height.  The  cones,  gracefully  curved,  are 
6  to  10  inches  long.  The  leaves  or  needles,  from  which  it 
takes  its  name,  are  10  to  15  inches  long,  3  to  the  fascicle. 
The  flowers  open  early  in  spring  and  are  a  deep  rose 
purple,  the  male  in  prominent,  short  dense  clusters  and  the 
female  in  groups  of  two  to  four  not  so  conspicuous.  It 
seeds  once  every  seven  years  and  the  cone  aifd  seed  re- 
quire two  years  for  maturing. 

The  range  of  long  leaf  pane  is  from  Norfolk,  Virginia  to 
Galveston,  Texas,  occupying  the  whole  Costal  Plain  more 
or  less  in  association  with  loblolly,  short  leaf,  pitch  and 
slash  pine.  The  original  stand  was  400,000,000,000  board 
feet,  now  reduced  to  one-fifth  of  that.  Its  average  out 
turn  per  acre  of  lumber  is  15,000  feet.  It  has  been  cut  over 
at  the  rate  of  6,000,000  acres  yearly.  In  company  with  its 
associates  the  total  area  that  has  been  lumbered  is  30,000, 
000  acres,  an  area  equal  to  the  whole  of  France  and  as 
large  as  Georgia,  Alabama  and  Florida  combined. 

Now  why  should  the  long  leaf  pine  appeal  to  every  indi- 
vidual of  us,  to  the  state  and  to  the  Federal  Government 
for  preservation  and  reforestation?  Besides  having  been 
our  greatest  factor  in  building  and  construction,  it  is  with 
slash  pine  our  only  source  of  supply  of  naval  stores.  Even 
now  in  its  depleted  condition,  it  yields  annually  25,000,000 
gallons  of  turpentine  and  800,000,000  pounds  of  rosin. 

—15— 


But  as  individual  human  beings  we  are  indebted  to  long 
leaf  pine  for  the  comfort  and  shelter  it  has  extended  to 
two-thirds  of  the  nation.  Long  leaf  pine  is  a  paying  guest 
in  every  house  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  It  is  to  be 
found  in  the  desk  of  every  schoolhouse.  Non-sectarian,  it 
speaks  from  every  pulpit  and  kneels  around  every  altar.  It 
is  the  main  suporting  timber  of  every  mill  and  factory  in 
New  England.  Not  a  train  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountainr 
could  move  if  long  leaf  pine  forbade,  and  not  a  steamer  could 
sail  from  an  Atlantic  or  Gulf  port.  Long  leaf  pine  created 
the  wealth  and  built  the  cities  of  Norfolk,  of  Wilmington, 
of  Charleston,  of  Jacksonville,  of  Mobile,  of  New  Orleans 
and  Galveston.  To  these  cities  and  states  and  citizens 
everywhere  in  the  Union  long  leaf  pine  appeals  to  be 
permitted  to  live  and  continue  to  give  wealth,  happiness 
and  prosperity  to  its  millions  of  beneficiaries.  And  as  a 
last  word  let  me  say  that  the  reforestation  of  the  Costal 
Plain  in  long  leaf  pine  will  bring  back  the  orange  belt  of 
Florida  100  miles  further  north  to  its  original  locality  and 
make  truck  farming  a  business  instead  of  a  gamble  with 
the  frost.  The  reforestation  of  the  Costal  Plain  will  restore, 
the  disturbed  balance  in  the  insect  world  and  thus  check 
and  put  an  end  to  the  pest  activities  of  the  cotton  boll  weevil 


—16— 


HIGHLAND  PINES  INN 

CREAMER  &  TURNER  Props. 

Open  for  Winter  and  Spring  Season  Until  May  ist, 

(ON  WEYMOUTH  HEIGHTS) 

SOUTHERN  PINES  NORTH  CAROLINA 


UEYMOUTH  HEIGHTS, 

SOUTHERN  PINES. 

The  Home  Section  of  the  Sandhill  Country  of  North 
Carolina. 


[ature  and  man  together  have  conspired  to  make  of  Weymouth  Heijjhts 
the  one  spot  in  this  territory  which  has  no  rival  in  anything  else 
in  the  community. 
A  high  ridge,  giving  a  commanding  view  of  all  the  country  round. 
Groves  of  the  original  pine  trees.  A  wisely  planned  system  of  roads, 
parks  and  building  lots.  The  most  pretentious  homes  and  build- 
ings in  the  com'  /,  and  all  the  conveniences  of  town  life,  but  with 
ihe  charms  of  tfce  p'inieval  forest  on  all  sides. 
i":  building  lots,  at  acreage  prices,  which  are  absurdly  low  as  com- 
pared with  town  lots  in  the  village. 

S.  fi.  RICHARDSON, 
rcade  Building,  Southern  Pines,  N.  C. 


CEDAR    F^INES    VIL.L.A 

SOUTHERN  PINES,  N.  C. 
This  modern  house  of  25  rooms  with  8  baths  and  a  30-acre  park  of  pines 
is  for  sale.  It  is  situated  on  a  high  ridge  on  Weymouth  Heights,  half  ti 
mile  from  the  noise  and  dust  of  trains  and  village  traffic.  Beautiful  grounds! 
trees  and  birds.  Fine  barn  with  box  stalls  and  two  cottages  on  the  place 
Wonderful  climate  and  extensive  views.  If  looking  for  an  ideal  home  don'1 
fail  to  see  it.  Shown  during  summer  by  care  taker — later  Miss  Thompsoi 
may  be  seen  personally. 


EAT  A!T  JTACK'S 

SOUTHERN  PINES,  N.  C. 

EXCELLENT  CUISINE. 


